III-V Solar Cells, Modules and Concentrator Photovoltaics

In the business area "III‑V Solar Cells, Modules and Concentrating Photovoltaics", we are working on the most efficient PV technology and looking for economically attractive solutions. The III‑V solar cells we develop are known for their high performance and long-term stability and we continue to set new benchmarks with international record values.

One focus of our research is to reduce the manufacturing costs through new production processes. In addition to requirements from space and concentrator photovoltaics (CPV), we also address solutions for mass markets, such as vehicle-integrated photovoltaics (VIPV) for electromobility.

With the help of our excellent laboratory infrastructure, we work both on the development and optimization of next-generation solar cells and on adapting these devices to the specific requirements of our customers. We cover a wide range of topics, such as ultra-thin flexible cells and modules, engineered substrates with different lattice constants, innovative processes for cost-effective cell production, nanostructured mirrors, and advanced measurement technology. In concentrating photovoltaics, we cover all aspects of solar cells, optics, module technology and systems, up to, for example, the production of solar hydrogen. Finally, we use our expertise in the development of photonic and power electronic components for other applications, such as optical power transmission or thermophotovoltaics (TPV).

 

Development of III-V Silicon Tandem Solar Cells

III-V/Si tandem solar cell
© Fraunhofer ISE
III-V/Si tandem solar cell on a wafer of 100 mm diameter fabricated at Fraunhofer ISE.

III‑V semiconductors have unique properties that make them ideal for efficiently converting the visible and near-infrared regions of the solar spectrum into electricity. When paired with silicon, these materials enable the creation of highly efficient tandem solar cells, incorporating either two or three subcells. Thanks to the high absorption coefficients of III‑V materials, their layers can remain just a few micrometers thick. Integrating these materials with silicon opens promising pathways toward cost-effective manufacturing techniques.

At Fraunhofer ISE, our research is centered on developing monolithic 2-terminal solar cell concepts, where III‑V layers are either grown directly on silicon or transferred from gallium arsenide (GaAs) substrates through advanced wafer bonding or adhesive technologies. We pursue two main approaches:

1. Direct Epitaxy: III‑V semiconductor layers are deposited directly on silicon using cutting-edge MOVPE reactors from Aixtron (2800G4R with 8x6” configuration and CRIUS CCS with 7x4”). This process begins with growing a GaP nucleation layer on silicon, followed by increasing the lattice constant using ternary GaAsP buffer layers to finally enable absorber layers with bandgaps ranging from 1.4 eV (GaAs) to 1.9 eV (GaInP). Recent advancements in growth optimization have reduced defect densities in GaAs-on-silicon layers to below 10⁷ cm⁻². Additionally, we are working on developing advanced absorber layers, barriers, and tunnel diodes.

2. Wafer Bonding/Adhesive Transfer: III‑V layers are first grown on GaAs substrates and then transferred onto partially processed silicon subcells. Connections between the layers are established using direct wafer bonding or transparent conductive adhesives. The resulting structures form monolithic 2-terminal devices. This approach requires cost-effective processes for III‑V layer growth, thin-layer transfer, and GaAs substrate recycling.

Our R&D Services on the Topic Include:

  • Direct epitaxy of III‑V semiconductors on silicon wafers up to 300 mm in diameter (e.g., GaP nucleation, GaPN, GaAsP, GaAs, GaInP).
  • Advanced characterization of defects in III‑V layers (e.g., antiphase domains, stacking faults, lattice mismatch dislocations).
  • Process development and fabrication of III‑V-based devices on silicon.

Our work aims to enable the next generation of high-efficiency, cost-effective solar cells through cutting-edge research and innovation.

 

Highlights of our Research and Development Activities in III‑V Si Tandem Photovoltaics

III-V Material Development and Epitaxy

CRIUS
© Fraunhofer ISE
CRIUS Close Coupled Showerhead reactor in the MOVPE laboratory of Fraunhofer ISE.

We develop photovoltaic cells based on III‑V semiconductor compounds, which are composed of elements from the third and fifth groups of the periodic table.

For layer production, we have two modern reactors for industrial-scale metal organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE):

  • An AIX2800 G4-TM reactor with an 8x6-inch configuration
  • A CRIUS showerhead reactor for 7x4-inch or 1x300 mm substrates

We Have a Wide Range of Methods Available for Material Characterization:

  • Electrochemical capacitance-voltage (ECV) profiling
  • Spectrally and spatially resolved photoluminescence (PL)
  • Electroluminescence (EL)
  • Cathodoluminescence (CL)
  • X-ray diffraction (XRD)
  • Nomarski differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy
  • Candela
  • Reflectance anisotropy spectroscopy (RAS)
  • Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
  • Deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS)
  • Electron beam induced current (EBIC) measurements
  • Electron channeling contrast imaging (ECCI)
  • Infrared Fourier spectroscopy
  • Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
  • Hall-Van der Pauw measurements

Our R&D Services in the Topic Include:

  • Monolithic growth of solar cells with up to six sub-cells stacked on top of each other
  • Adaptation to operating conditions (spectrum, intensity, temperature)
  • Development and adaptation of III‑V absorber materials
  • AlGaAs, AlGaInP, GaAsP, GaInAs, GaInAsP, and GaInNAs on GaAs or Ge substrates
  • InGaAs, InGaAsP on InP substrates
  • Development of strain-compensated multi-quantum wells
  • Direct growth of III‑V semiconductors on silicon substrates for the development of III‑V silicon tandem solar cells
  • Development of metamorphic buffer structures and engineered substrates with adapted lattice constants

Process Technology and Device Fabrication

In our cleanroom laboratory, we process epitaxial wafers into functional components. A modern infrastructure is available for this purpose in our Center for High Efficiency Solar Cells. The wafer processing is designed for 8×4-inch or 8×6-inch batches.

The Processes Available and Used in our Laboratories Include:

  • Photolithography for microstructuring
  • Nano-imprint lithography
  • Deposition of metallic and dielectric layers
  • Wet and dry chemical processes
  • Wafer bonding (including GaAs, InP, GaSb, Si, Ge)
  • Chemical mechanical polishing
  • Surface cleaning

Our R&D Services in this Area Include:

  • Implementation of mirror layers
  • Detaching thin epitaxial layers from the substrate (»liftoff«)
  • Fabrication of functional metasurfaces and photonic structures

Modeling and Design of III-V Solar Cells and Devices

We use a variety of different numerical simulation tools to address the complexity of III‑V multi-junction solar cells.

Our Simulation Infrastructure Includes:

  • Transfer matrix solver for optical simulation of multi-layer systems
  • Opto-electrical semiconductor simulation with Sentaurus TCAD for analyzing the generation and recombination of charge carriers, charge carrier transport at heterojunctions, tunneling processes and photon recycling
  • Electrical network model to optimize contact structures (shading, series resistance losses)
  • Detailed-balance calculations of new solar cell concepts, including determining the ideal band gap combination for various numbers of sub-cells, temperatures and reference spectra
  • Calculating the yield of multi-junction solar cells for various locations, taking into account the influence of the material combination on spectral fluctuations over the course of a day and a year

A comprehensive material database is essential for all simulations. This includes a wide range of III‑V compounds, as well as other typical semiconductors, dielectrics and metals.

Characterization of III-V Solar Cells and Modules

Space solar cell during measurement
© Fraunhofer ISE
Space solar cell during measurement of the calibrated current-voltage characteristic with the multi-source solar simulator.

The precise determination of the performance data of photovoltaic components plays an important role in both research and development and in the production of III‑V solar cells and modules. The CalLab PV Cells at Fraunhofer ISE precisely measures all types of solar cells according to international standards.

A wide range of methods are available for characterizing III‑V multi-junction solar cells:

  • Spectral response of multi-junction solar cells with up to six sub-cells
  • Calibrated measurement of current-voltage (I-V) characteristics
    • Multi-source simulators (three- and six-source simulators) for characterization under defined spectral conditions (AM1.5g, AM1.5d, AM0, indoor spectra, etc.)
    • Spectrometric characterization to quantify the behavior under variable spectrum
    • Four-source flash simulator for spectrally adapted characterization of concentrator solar cells (up to 1500-fold concentrated solar radiation)

In addition, we work on the characterization of concentrator modules and systems. Through our participation in IEC TC 82 WG 7, we have helped to shape the development of international standards for concentrator photovoltaics, as well as the determination of the performance of hybrid PV/CPV modules. Our test facility for CPV modules with a tracking unit on the roof of Fraunhofer ISE allows the standardized characterization and power rating of CPV modules. An indoor laboratory measurement set-up also offers the possibility of conducting measurements on concentrator modules in the laboratory. The measurement set-up generates sun-like, parallel light with the help of a parabolic mirror.

 

Assembly and Packaging Technology, Reliability Tests for III-V Solar Cells and Modules

Climatic chambers for the investigation of reliability
© Fraunhofer ISE
Climatic chambers for the investigation of reliability.

In the premises of Con-TEC (Concentrator Technology Evaluation Center), we develop assembly and connection technologies and production processes for the manufacturing of concentrator modules, densely packed receivers, e.g. for tower power plants or for thermophotovoltaics, as well as packages for laser power cells. In addition to industry-standard equipment, we use inline and offline characterization tools for the quality assurance of assemblies and modules.

Another research topic is the reliability analysis of individual components. To investigate the long-term stability of modules and components, accelerated aging tests are carried out (temperature aging, temperature cycling, damp-heat test, damp-freeze test, UV irradiation).

Our R&D Services in this Area Include:

  • Development of assembly and connection technologies for concentrator photovoltaics
  • Finite element modeling
  • Reliability testing of assemblies
  • Aging tests

Concentrartor Photovoltaic Modules

In concentrating photovoltaics (CPV), sunlight is focused onto small concentrator solar cells using optical systems. Highly efficient III‑V multi-junction solar cells, which were originally developed for use in space, are used here.

A relevant current development in this context is the miniaturization of the components, in particular the concentrator solar cells and, consequently, the optics on a small scale. In analogy to micro-LED developments, this is referred to as micro-CPV technology, usually defined by solar cells with edge lengths of less than one millimeter. The advantage of this technology is that, on the one hand, the solar cells can be mounted directly on conductor tracks without their own substrate (chip-on-board), and, on the other hand, parallelized high-throughput processes can be used for assembly and contacting. This promises an economically attractive cost structure. Fraunhofer ISE combines unique expertise in this field, ranging from semiconductor physics and III-V multi-junction solar cells to module manufacturing technologies and reliability analyses, through to system integration and energy yield modeling.

Our R&D services in this Area Include:

  • Development and optimization of CPV module designs
  • Optical, thermal, and electrical modeling
  • Optical characterization of concentrator optics
  • Electrical characterization of CPV modules in the laboratory and in outdoor test facilities
  • Power rating and analysis of environmental influences
  • Energy yield modeling

Highlights of our R&D Activities

R&D Infrastructure

This infrastructure is available to us at Fraunhofer ISE for our research and development activities:

 

Center for High Efficiency Solar Cells

We test and optimize advanced PV technologies in more than 1000 m² of state-of-the-art clean room and laboratory space. Innovative processes and technologies are researched in this center for future use in industry, including wet-chemical processes, photo and laser lithography, nanoimprint laboratory, vapor deposition of metals and dielectrics.

 

CalLab PV Cells

The accredited calibration laboratory CalLab PV Cells at Fraunhofer ISE offers high-precision, reproducible calibrations and measurements of all types of solar cells according to international standards, for example, spectral responsivity/quantum efficiency, reflectance, current-voltage measurements, especially under variable spectra and intensities, various broadband and laser light sources as well as filters are available.

 

Concentrator Technology Evaluation Center Con-TEC

Con-TEC has a wide range of assembly and connection technologies available for the development and assembly of customized modules and packages. We test components and production processes with a focus on reliability and material analysis. We develop prototypes and produce small series to evaluate new components, designs and processes.

Selected Reserach-Projects

 

50 Prozent

Monolithic III-V Multi-Junction Solar Cells with More than 50 % Efficiency under Concentrated Irradiation

 

micro-CPV

Development of a Highly Concentrating CPV Module Based on Modern Micro-Production Technology

 

H2Demo

Development of Demonstrators for Direct Solar Water Splitting

 

HIPERION

Hybrid Photovoltaics for Efficiency Record using Integrated Optical Technology

 

QuintuMod

Development of a Low-cost and High Efficient Solar Module Using a Solar Cell with 5-pn Junctions

 

HyCon

Solar Hydrogen Generation Using a HyCon System

 

PoTaSi

Demonstration of the Potential of Monolithic Tandem Solar Cells Made of III-V Semiconductors and Silicon

Current Publications on the Topic "III-V Solar Cells, Modules and Concentrator Photovoltaics"

Jahr
Year
Titel/Autor:in
Title/Author
Publikationstyp
Publication Type
2025 Wafer-bonded two-terminal III-V//Si triple-junction solar cell with power conversion efficiency of 36.1% at AM1.5g
Schygulla, Patrick; Müller, Ralph; Höhn, Oliver; Schachtner, Michael; Chojniak, David; Cordaro, Andrea; Tabernig, Stefan; Bläsi, Benedikt; Polman, Albert; Siefer, Gerald; Lackner, David; Dimroth, Frank
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2024 A Precise Method for the Spectral Adjustment of LED and Multi-Light Source Solar Simulators
Chojniak, David; Schachtner, Michael; Reichmuth, Kasimir; Bett, Alexander J.; Rauer, Michael; Hohl-Ebinger, Jochen; Schmid, Alexandra; Siefer, Gerald; Glunz, Stefan
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2024 Spectrometric Characterization for Triple-Junction Solar Cells
Aulich, Johanna; Chojniak, David; Bett, Alexander J.; Steiner, Marc; Schindler, Florian; Siefer, Gerald; Schubert, Martin; Goldschmidt, Jan Christoph; Glunz, Stefan
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2024 A prospective ecological risk assessment of high-efficiency III–V/silicon tandem solar cells
Blanco, Carlos Felipe; Quik, Joris T.K.; Hof, M; Fuortes, Agnese; Behrens, Paul; Cucurachi, Stefano; Peijnenburg, Willie; Dimroth, Frank; Vijver, Martina
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2024 Measuring the Device-Level EQE of Multi-Junction Photonic Power Converters
Schachtner, Michael; Beattie, Meghan N.; Reichmuth, Kasimir; Wekkeli, Alexander; Siefer, Gerald; Helmers, Henning
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2024 Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact (TOPCon) Solar Cells
Kafle, Bishal; Richter, Armin
Aufsatz in Buch
Book Article
2023 InP- and GaAs-Based Photonic Power Converters Under O-Band Laser Illumination: Performance Analysis and Comparison
Beattie, Meghan; Helmers, Henning; Forcade, Gavin; Valdivia, Christopher; Höhn, Oliver; Hinzer, Karin
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2023 Resource-efficient generation of large-area micro and nanostructures
Bläsi, Benedikt; Müller, Martina; Rossmeier, Harald
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2023 Solar cell efficiency tables (Version 61)
Green, Martin A.; Dunlop, Ewan D.; Siefer, Gerald; Yoshita, Masahiro; Kopidakis, Nikos; Bothe, Karsten; Hao, Xiaojing
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2023 Photonen zur Energieübertragung
Helmers, Henning
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2023 The effect of passivation to etching duration ratio on bipolar electrochemical etching of porous layer stacks in germanium
Schreiber, Waldemar; Liu, Tingzhu; Janz, Stefan
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2023 Photovoltaics at Multi-Terawatt Scale: Waiting is not an Option
Haegel, Nancy M.; Verlinden, Pierre; Victoria, Marta; Altermatt, Pietro; Atwater, Harry; Barnes, Teresa; Breyer, Christian; Case, Chris; Wolf, Stefaan de; Deline, Chris; Dharmrin, Marwan; Dimmler, Bernhard; Gloeckler, Markus; Goldschmidt, Jan Christoph; Hallam, Bret; Haussener, Sophia; Holder, Burkhard; Jaeger, Ulrich; Jaeger-Waldau, Arnulf; Kaizuka, Izumi; Kikusator, Hiroshi; Kroposki, Benjamin; Kurtz, Sarah; Matsubara, Koji; Nowak, Stefan; Ogimoto, Kazuhiko; Peter, Christian; Peters, I. Marius; Philipps, Simon; Powalla, Michael; Rau, Uwe; Reindl, Thomas; Roumpani, Maria; Sakurai, Keiichiro; Schorn, Christian; Schlatmann, Rutger; Schossig, Peter; Schlatmann, Rutger; Sinton, Ron; Slaoui, Abdelilah; Smith, Brittany L.; Schneidewind, Peter; Stanbery, Billy; Topic, Marko; Tumas, William; Vasi, Juzer; Vetter, Matthias; Weber, Eicke; Weeber, Arthur; Weidlich, Anke; Weiss, Dirk; Bett, Andreas W.
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2023 Photovoltaics: Towards 50 percent efficiency
Höhn, Oliver
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2023 Mask and plate: a scalable front metallization with low-cost potential for III-V-based tandem solar cells enabling 31.6 % conversion efficiency
Schube, Jörg; Höhn, Oliver; Schygulla, Patrick; Müller, Ralph; Jahn, Mike; Mikolasch, Gabriele; Steiner, Marc; Predan, Felix; Bartsch, Jonas; Dimroth, Frank; Clement, Florian; Keding, Roman
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2023 Proton radiation hardness of GaInAsP alloys for space solar cell applications
Pellegrino, Carmine; Schön, Jonas; Lang, Robin; Dimroth, Frank; Zimmermann, Claus G.; Lackner, David
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2023 Translation of Outdoor Tandem PV Module I-V Measurements to a STC Power Rating
Steiner, Marc; Siefer, Gerald
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2023 III-V Material Growth on Electrochemically Porosified Ge Substrates
Winter da Costa, Edgard; Schreiber, Waldemar; Schygulla, Patrick; Lustoza de Souza, Patricia; Janz, Stefan; Lackner, David; Ohlmann, Jens
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2023 Low-Cost Outdoor Spectral Irradiances Determination and its Application on Concentrator Photovoltaic Module Power Rating and Energy Yield Calculation
Steiner, Marc; Martinez Sanchez, Juan Francisco; Mathur, Paresh; Sarkar, Subrata; Siefer, Gerald
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2023 Solar cell efficiency tables (Version 62)
Green, Martin A.; Dunlop, Ewan D.; Yoshita, Masahiro; Kopidakis, Nikos; Bothe, Karsten; Siefer, Gerald; Hao, Xiaojing
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2023 Effective radiative recombination coefficient of p-AlGaAs for varying aluminium concentrations
Schygulla, Patrick; Lang, Robin; Lackner, David
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2023 Nano-patterned back-reflector with engineered near-/far-field light scattering for enhanced light trapping in silicon-based multi-junction solar cells
Cordaro, Andrea; Müller, Ralph; Tabernig, Stefan; Tucher, Nico; Schygulla, Patrick; Höhn, Oliver; Bläsi, Benedikt; Polman, Albert
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2022 Light trapping gratings for solar cells: An analytical period optimization approach
Bläsi, Benedikt; Hanser, Mario; Jäger, Klaus; Höhn, Oliver
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2022 Improving the Accuracy of Energy Yield Calculations of Tandem Solar Cell-based CPV-Modules
Steiner, Marc; Mathur, P.; Sarkar, S.; Siefer, Gerald
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2022 Solar cell efficiency tables (Version 60)
Green, Martin A.; Dunlop, Ewan; Hohl-Ebinger, Jochen; Yoshita, Masahiro; Kopidakis, Nikos; Bothe, Karsten; Hinken, David; Rauer, Michael; Hao, Xiaojing
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2022 Integration of Si Heterojunction Solar Cells with III-V Solar Cells by the Pd Nanoparticle Array-Mediated "Smart Stack" Approach
Mizuno, Hidenori; Makita, Kikuo; Sai, Hitoshi; Mochizuki, Toshimitsu; Matsui, Takuya; Takato, Hidetaka; Müller, Ralph; Lackner, David; Dimroth, Frank; Sugaya, Takeyoshi
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2022 Revealing fundamentals of charge extraction in photovoltaic devices through potentiostatic photoluminescence imaging
Wagner, Lukas; Schygulla, Patrick; Herterich, Jan Philipp; Elshamy, Mohamed; Bogachuk, Dmitry; Zouhair, Salma; Mastroianni, Simone; Würfel, Uli; Liu, Yuhang; Zakeeruddin, Shaik M.; Grätzel, Michael; Hinsch, Andreas; Glunz, Stefan
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2022 Spray pyrolysis of ZnO:In: Characterization of Growth Mechanism and Interface Analysis on p-type GaAs and n-type Si Semiconductor Materials
Heitmann, Ulrike; Westraadt, Johan; O'Connell, Jacques; Jakob, Leonie; Dimroth, Frank; Bartsch, Jonas; Janz, Stefan; Neethling, Jan
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2022 The annual-hydrogen-yield-climatic-response ratio: evaluating the real-life performance of integrated solar water splitting devices
Köhlbach, Moritz; Höhn, Oliver; Rehfeld, Kira; Finkbeiner, Manuel; Barry, James; May, Matthias M.
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2022 Improvements in Ultra-Light and Flexible Epitaxial Lift-Off GaInP/GaAs/GaInAs Solar Cells for Space Applications
Schön, Jonas; Bissels, G.M.M.W.; Mulder, P.; Leest, R.H. van; Gruginskie, N.; Vlieg, E.; Chojniak, David; Lackner, David
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2022 Overview and loss analysis of III-V single-junction and multi-junction solar cells
Yamaguchi, Masafumi; Dimroth, Frank; Ekins-Daukes, Nicholas J.; Kojima, Nobuaki; Ohshita, Yoshio
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2022 Two-terminal III-V//Si triple-junction solar cell with power conversion efficiency of 35.9 % at AM1.5g
Schygulla, Patrick; Müller, Ralph; Lackner, David; Höhn, Oliver; Hauser, Hubert; Bläsi, Benedikt; Predan, Felix; Benick, Jan; Hermle, Martin; Glunz, Stefan W.; Dimroth, Frank
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2022 GaAs//CuIn1-yGaySe2 Three-Junction Solar Cells with 28.06% Efficiency Fabricated Using a Bonding Technique Involving Pd Nanoparticles and an Adhesive
Makita, Kikuo; Kamikawa, Yukiko; Mizuno, Hidenori; Oshima, Ryuji; Shoji, Yasushi; Ishizuka, Shogo; Müller, Ralf; Lackner, David; Dimroth, Frank; Sugaya, Takeyoshi; Beutel, Paul; Benick, Jan; Hermle, Martin
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2022 Analysis for Efficiency Potential of II-VI Compound, Chalcopyrite, and Kesterite-Based Tandem Solar Cells
Yamaguchi, Masafumi; Tampo, H.; Shibata, H.; Schygulla, Patrick; Dimroth, Frank; Kojima, N.; Oshita, Y.
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2022 Ultra-lightweight and flexible inverted metamorphic four junction solar cells for space applications
Klitzke, Malte; Schön, Jonas; Leest, Rosalinda H. van; Bissels, Gunther M.M.W.; Vlieg, Elias; Schachtner, Michael; Dimroth, Frank; Lackner, David
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2021 Middle Cell Development for Wafer-Bonded III-V//Si Tandem Solar Cells
Schygulla, Patrick; Heinz, Friedemann D.; Dimroth, Frank; Lackner, David
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2021 Epitaxial GaInP/GaAs/Si Triple-Junction Solar Cell with 25.9% AM1.5g Efficiency Enabled by Transparent Metamorphic AlxGa1-xAsyP1-y Step-Graded Buffer Structures
Feifel, Markus; Lackner, David; Schön, Jonas; Ohlmann, Jens; Benick, Jan; Siefer, Gerald; Predan, Felix; Hermle, Martin; Dimroth, Frank
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2021 68.9% Efficient GaAs-Based Photonic Power Conversion Enabled by Photon Recycling and Optical Resonance. Cover Picture
Helmers, Henning; Lopez, E.; Höhn, Oliver; Lackner, David; Schön, Jonas; Schauerte, Meike; Schachtner, Michael; Dimroth, Frank; Bett, Andreas W.
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2021 Optimizing Metal Grating Back Reflectors for III-V-on-Silicon Multijunction Solar Cells
Tillmann, P.; Bläsi, Benedikt; Burger, S.; Hammerschmidt, M.; Höhn, Oliver; Becker, C.; Jäger, K.
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2021 Experimental Coupling Process Efficiency and Benefits of Back Surface Reflectors in Photovoltaic Multi-junction Photonic Power Converters
Lopez, E.; Höhn, Oliver; Schauerte, Meike; Lackner, David; Schachtner, Michael; Reichmuth, Kasimir S.; Helmers, Henning
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2021 Power rating procedure of hybrid concentrator/flat-plate photovoltaic bifacial modules
Martínez Sánchez, Juan Francisco; Steiner, Marc; Wiesenfarth, Maike; Siefer, Gerald; Glunz, Stefan W.; Dimroth, Frank
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2021 Integrated series/parallel connection for photovoltaic laser power converters with optimized current matching
Wagner, Lukas; Reichmuth, Kasimir S.; Philipps, Simon P.; Oliva, Eduard; Bett, Andreas W.; Helmers, Henning
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2021 68.9% Efficient GaAs-Based Photonic Power Conversion Enabled by Photon Recycling and Optical Resonance
Helmers, Henning; Lopez, E.; Höhn, Oliver; Lackner, David; Schön, Jonas; Schauerte, Meike; Schachtner, Michael; Dimroth, Frank; Bett, Andreas W.
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2021 Passivated, Highly Reflecting, Laser Contacted Ge Rear Side for III-V Multi-Junction Solar Cells
Weiss, Charlotte; Schön, Jonas; Höhn, Oliver; Fuhrmann, B.; Dimroth, Frank; Janz, Stefan
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2021 III-V//CuxIn1-yGaySe2 Multijunction Solar Cells with 27.2% Efficiency Fabricated using Modified Smart Stack Technology with Pd Nanoparticle Array and Adhesive Material
Makita, K.; Kamikawa, Y.; Mizuno, H.; Oshima, R.; Shoji, Y.; Ishizuka, S.; Müller, Ralph; Beutel, Paul; Lackner, David; Benick, Jan; Hermle, Martin; Dimroth, Frank; Sugaya, T.
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2021 Technological Learning for Resource Efficient Terawatt Scale Photovoltaics
Goldschmidt, Jan Christoph; Wagner, Lukas; Pietzcker, R.; Friedrich, Lorenz
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2020 Simultaneous Wireless Data and Power Transfer for a 1-Gb/s GaAs VCSEL and Photovoltaic Link
Fakidis, J.; Helmers, Henning; Haas, H.
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2020 Determination of the Complex Refractive Index of Compound Semiconductor Alloys for Optical Device Modelling
Schygulla, Patrick; Fuß-Kailuweit, Peter; Höhn, Oliver; Dimroth, Frank
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2020 III-V//Si multijunction solar cells with 30% efficiency using smart stack technology with Pd nanoparticle array
Makita, K.; Mizuno, H.; Tayagaki, T.; Aihara, T.; Oshima, R.; Shoji, Y.; Sai, H.; Takato, H.; Müller, Ralph; Beutel, Paul; Lackner, David; Benick, Jan; Hermle, Martin; Dimroth, Frank; Sugaya, T.
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2020 Electron and proton irradiation effect on the minority carrier lifetime in SiC passivated p-doped Ge wafers for space photovoltaics
Weiss, Charlotte; Park, Seonyong; Lefèvre, Jérémie; Boizot, Bruno; Mohr, Christian; Cavani, Olivier; Picard, Sandrine; Kurstjens, Rufi; Niewelt, Tim; Janz, Stefan
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2020 Carrier recombination dynamics in Ga0.51In0.49P double-heterostructures up to 500K
Walker, A.; Shaked, A.; Dagan, R.; Kribus, A.; Rosenwaks, Y.; Ohlmann, Jens; Lackner, David; Dimroth, Frank
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2020 Radiation hardness and post irradiation regeneration behavior of GaInAsP solar cells
Lang, Robin; Schön, Jonas; Lefèvre, Jérémie; Boizot, Bruno; Dimroth, Frank; Lackner, David
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2020 Solar cell efficiency tables (version 56)
Green, Martin A.; Dunlop, Ewan D.; Hohl-Ebinger, Jochen; Yoshita, M.; Kopidakis, N.; Hao, X.
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2020 Development and Outdoor Characterization of a Hybrid Bifacial HCPV Module
Martínez Sánchez, Juan Francisco; Steiner, Marc; Wiesenfarth, Maike; Fellmeth, Tobias; Dörsam, Tobias; Wiese, Martin; Glunz, Stefan W.; Dimroth, Frank
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2020 Measurement Uncertainties in I-V Calibration of Multi-Junction Solar Cells for Different Solar Simulators and Reference Devices
Reichmuth, Kasimir S.; Siefer, Gerald; Schachtner, Michael; Mühleis, Matthias; Hohl-Ebinger, Jochen; Glunz, Stefan W.
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2020 Development and analysis of wafer-bonded four-junction solar cells based on antimonides with 42% efficiency under concentration
Predan, Felix; Höhn, Oliver; Lackner, David; Franke, A.; Helmers, Henning; Dimroth, Frank
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2020 6-W Optical Power Link with Integrated Optical Data Transmission
Helmers, Henning; Armbruster, Cornelius; Ravenstein, Moritz von; Derix, David; Schöner, Christian
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2020 Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging Investigation of Stacking Fault Pyramids in GaP on Si Nucleation Layers
Feifel, Markus; Ohlmann, Jens; France, R.; Lackner, David; Dimroth, Frank
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2020 MOVPE Growth of GaAs with Growth Rates up to 280 µm/h
Lang, Robin; Habib, F.; Dauelsberg, M.; Dimroth, Frank; Lackner, David
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2020 Two-Terminal direct Wafer bonded GaInP/AlGaAs//Si Triple-Junction Solar Cell with AM1.5g Efficiency of 34.1 %
Lackner, David; Höhn, Oliver; Müller, Ralph; Beutel, Paul; Schygulla, Patrick; Hauser, Hubert; Predan, Felix; Siefer, Gerald; Schachtner, Michael; Schön, Jonas; Benick, Jan; Hermle, Martin; Dimroth, Frank
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2020 Environmental Impacts of III-V/Silicon Photovoltaics: Life Cycle Assessment and Guidance for Sustainable Manufacturing
Blanco, C.F.; Cucurachi, S.; Dimroth, Frank; Guinée, J.B.; Peijnenburg, W.J.; Vijver, M.G.
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2019 Direct Growth of GaInP/GaAs/Si Triple-Junction Solar Cell with 22.3% AM1.5g efficiency
Feifel, Markus; Lackner, David; Ohlmann, Jens; Benick, Jan; Hermle, Martin; Dimroth, Frank
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2019 Single- and Dual-variant Atomic Ordering in GaAsP Compositionally Graded Buffers on GaP and Si Substrates
France, R.M.; Feifel, Markus; Belz, Jürgen; Beyer, A.; Volz, Kerstin; Ohlmann, Jens; Lackner, David; Dimroth, Frank
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2019 Development of Germanium-Based Wafer-Bonded Four-Junction Solar Cells
Höhn, Oliver; Niemeyer, Markus; Weiss, Charlotte; Lackner, David; Predan, Felix; Franke, Alexander; Beutel, Paul; Schachtner, Michael; Müller, Ralph; Siefer, Gerald; Janz, Stefan; Dimroth, Frank
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2019 Measurement of the Non-radiative Minority Recombination Lifetime and the Effective Radiative Recombination Coefficient in GaAs
Niemeyer, Markus; Kleinschmidt, Peter; Walker, Alexandre W.; Mundt, Laura E.; Timm, C.; Lang, Robin; Hannappel, Thomas; Lackner, David
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2019 Terawatt-Scale Photovoltaics: Transform Global Energy
Bett, Andreas W.; Haegel, N.M.; Atwater, Harry A.; Barnes, T.; Breyer, C.; Burrell, A.; Chiang, Y.-M.; Wolf, Stefaan de; Dimmler, B.; Feldmann, D.; Glunz, Stefan W.; Goldschmidt, Jan Christoph; Hochschild, D.; Inzunza, R.; Kaizuka, I.; Kroposki, B.; Kurtz, S.; Margolis, R.; Leu, S.; Matsubara, K.; Metz, A.; Metzger, W.K.; et al.
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2019 Comprehensive Electrical Loss Analysis of Monolithic Interconnected Multi-Segment Laser Power Converters
Kimovec, R.; Helmers, Henning; Bett, Andreas W.; Topic, Marko
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2019 Development of Back Side Technology for Light Trapping and Photon Recycling in GaAs Solar Cells
Micha, D.; Höhn, Oliver; Oliva, Eduard; Klinger, Vera; Bett, Andreas W.; Dimroth, Frank
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2019 Thermal Analysis of Passively Cooled Hybrid CPV Module Using Si Cell as Heat Distributor
Martínez Sánchez, Juan Francisco; Steiner, Marc; Wiesenfarth, Maike; Glunz, Stefan W.; Dimroth, Frank
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2019 Assessing the operating temperature of multi-junction solar cells with novel rear side layer stack and local electrical contacts
Alonso-Álvarez, D.; Weiss, Charlotte; Fernández, Jara; Janz, Stefan; Ekins-Daukes, Nicholas J.
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2018 III-V-on-silicon solar cells reaching 33% photoconversion efficiency in two-terminal configuration
Cariou, Romain; Benick, Jan; Feldmann, Frank; Höhn, Oliver; Hauser, Hubert; Beutel, Paul; Razek, Nasser; Wimplinger, Markus; Bläsi, Benedikt; Lackner, David; Hermle, Martin; Siefer, Gerald; Glunz, Stefan W.; Bett, Andreas W.; Dimroth, Frank
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2018 Rapid vapor-phase direct doping for high-efficiency solar cells
Kühnhold-Pospischil, Saskia; Steinhauser, Bernd; Richter, Armin; Gust, Elke; Janz, Stefan
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2018 High-speed quantum efficiency determination of multijunction solar cells
Mißbach, Thomas; Dengler, S.A.; Siefer, Gerald; Bett, Andreas W.
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2018 Transient Analysis of Luminescent Coupling Effects in Multi-junction Solar Cells
Tayagaki, T.; Reichmuth, Kasimir S.; Helmers, Henning; Siefer, Gerald
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2018 Extracting nonradiative parameters in III-V semiconductors using double-heterostructures on active p-n junctions
Walker, Alexandre W.; Schön, Jonas; Dimroth, Frank
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2018 Direct growth of III-V/silicon triple-junction solar cells with 19.7% efficiency
Feifel, Markus; Ohlmann, Jens; Benick, Jan; Hermle, Martin; Belz, Jürgen; Beyer, Andreas; Volz, Kerstin; Hannappel, Thomas; Bett, Andreas W.; Lackner, David; Dimroth, Frank
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2018 Hall characterization of epitaxial GaSb and AlGaAsSb layers using p-n junctions on GaSb substrates
Predan, Felix; Ohlmann, Jens; Mrabet, S.; Dimroth, Frank; Lackner, David
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2018 Combining photon recycling and concentrated illumination in a GaAs heterojunction solar cell
Schilling, C.; Höhn, Oliver; Micha, D.N.; Heckelmann, S.; Klinger, Vera; Oliva, Eduard; Glunz, Stefan W.; Dimroth, Frank
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2018 Challenges in the Design of Concentrator Photovoltaic (CPV) Modules to Achieve Highest Efficiencies
Wiesenfarth, Maike; Antón, Ignacio; Bett, Andreas W.
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2018 Towards nanowire tandem junction solar cells on silicon
Borgström, Magnus T.; Magnusson, M.H.; Dimroth, Frank; Siefer, Gerald; Höhn, Oliver; Riel, H.; Schmid, H.; Wirths, S.; Björk, M.; Aberg, I.; Peijnenburg, W.; Vijver, M.; Tchernycheva, M.; Piazza, V.; Samuelson, L.
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2018 Optimization of GaAs solar cell performance and growth efficiency at MOVPE growth rates of 100 mm/h
Lang, Robin; Schön, Jonas; Dimroth, Frank; Lackner, David
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2018 0.5-Gb/s OFDM-Based Laser Data and Power Transfer Using a GaAs Photovoltaic Cell
Fakidis, J.; Videv, S.; Helmers, Henning; Haas, H.
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2018 On the influence of the photo-induced leakage current in monolithically interconnected modules
Kimovec, R.; Helmers, Henning; Bett, Andreas W.; Topic, Marko
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2018 Component cell-based restriction of spectral conditions and the impact on CPV module power rating
Steiner, Marc; Muller, Matt; Siefer, Gerald; Bett, Andreas W.
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2018 Power loss mechanisms in small area monolithic-interconnected photovoltaic modules
Kimovec, R.; Helmers, Henning; Bett, Andreas W.; Topic, Marko
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2017 Concentrating photovoltaic systems
Steiner, Marc; Gerstmaier, T.; Bett, Andreas W.
Aufsatz in Buch
Book Article
2017 Effects of thermal annealing on structural and electrical properties of surface-activated n-GaSb/n-GaInP direct wafer bonds
Predan, Felix; Kovacs, A.; Ohlmann, Jens; Lackner, David; Dunin-Borkowski, Rafal E.; Dimroth, Frank; Jäger, W.
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2017 High-temperature electric contacts for AlGaInP/GaInP photon-enhanced thermionic emisson cathodes
Girolami, M.; Bellucci, A.; Calvani, P.; Dimroth, Frank; Trucchi, D.
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2017 On the alignment tolerance of photovoltaic laser power converters
Wagner, Lukas; Bett, Andreas W.; Helmers, Henning
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2017 An end of service life assessment of PMMA lenses from veteran concentrator photovoltaic systems
Miller, D.C.; Khonkar, H.I.; Herrero, R.; Antón, Ignacio; Johnson, D.K.; Hornung, Thorsten; Schmid-Schirling, T.; Vinzant, T.B.; Deutch, S.; To, B.; Sala, Gabriel; Kurtz, S.R.
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2017 20% efficient solar cells fabricated from epitaxially grown and freestanding n-type wafers
Milenkovic, Nena; Drießen, Marion; Steinhauser, Bernd; Benick, Jan; Lindekugel, Stefan; Hermle, Martin; Janz, Stefan; Reber, Stefan
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2017 Monolithic two-terminal III-V//Si triple-junction solar cells with 30.2% efficiency under 1-Sun AM1.5g
Cariou, Romain; Benick, Jan; Beutel, Paul; Razek, N.; Flötgen, C.; Hermle, Martin; Lackner, David; Glunz, Stefan W.; Bett, Andreas W.; Wimplinger, M.; Dimroth, Frank
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2017 Optical analysis of a III-V-nanowire-array-on-Si dual junction solar cell
Chen, Yang; Höhn, Oliver; Tucher, Nico; Pistol, Mats-Erik; Anttu, Nicklas
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2017 On the temperature dependence of dual-junction laser power converters
Reichmuth, Kasimir S.; Helmers, Henning; Philipps, Simon P.; Schachtner, Michael; Siefer, Gerald; Bett, Andreas W.
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2017 Radiation hardness of AlGaAs n-i-p solar cells with higher bandgap intrinsic region
Walker, A.; Heckelmann, S.; Tibbits, Thomas; Lackner, David; Bett, Andreas W.; Dimroth, Frank
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2017 Material quality frontiers of MOVPE grown AIGaAs for minority carrier devices
Heckelmann, S.; Lackner, David; Dimroth, Frank; Bett, Andreas W.
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2017 Mesa Separation of GaInP Solar Cells by Picosecond Laser Ablation
Weber, Julian; Klinger, Vera; Brand, Andreas A.; Gutscher, Simon; Wekkeli, Alexander; Mondon, Andrew; Oliva, Eduard; Dimroth, Frank
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2017 Minority carrier diffusion length, lifetime and mobility in p-type GaAs and GaInAs
Niemeyer, Markus; Ohlmann, Jens; Walker, Alexandre W.; Kleinschmidt, Peter; Lang, Robin; Hannappel, Thomas; Dimroth, Frank; Lackner, David
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2017 Subcell characterization in multijunction solar cells using pulsed light
Rutzinger, Martin; Salzberger, Manuel; Nesswetter, Helmut; Lackner, David; Bett, Andreas W.; Lugli, Paolo; Zimmermann, Claus G.
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2017 GaInP/AlGaAs metal-wrap-through tandem concentrator solar cells
Oliva, Eduard; Salvetat, T.; Jany, C.; Thibon, R.; Helmers, Henning; Steiner, Marc; Schachtner, Michael; Beutel, Paul; Klinger, Vera; Moulet, J.-S.; Dimroth, Frank
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2017 Reliable and lightning-safe monitoring of wind turbine rotor blades using optically powered sensors
Worms, K.; Klamouris, C.; Wegh, F.; Meder, L.; Volkmer, D.; Philipps, Simon P.; Reichmuth, Kasimir S.; Helmers, Henning; Kunadt, A.; Vourvoulakis, J.; Bett, Andreas W.; Koos, C.; Freude, W.; Leuthold, J.; Stork, W.
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
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