Silicon Material and Semiconductor Substrates

In the research topic "Silicon Materials and Semiconductor Substrates", we have extensive expertise in technologies, systems and processes for chemical vapor deposition from chlorosilanes (Si, SiC and Ge). Our goal is to provide high-quality and sustainable silicon and germanium wafers with a very low CO2 footprint.

The focus of our research and development work is on epitaxially grown wafers (EpiWafers) and reusable growth templates. In addition to gas phase deposition, the electrochemical etching of a porous layer stack and its reorganization are central processes that enable the EpiWafer to be detached. In addition, the production of the EpiWafers includes the cost-effective preparation of the mother substrate (epi-ready) and the lift-off process. The refinement of reactor parts with SiC layers and the efficient use of process gases are further important competencies for the successful implementation of the EpiWafer concept.  

In close cooperation with wafer and equipment manufacturers, we test innovative processes for their basic functionality and develop them further in the direction of high throughput and low manufacturing costs. Our work has resulted in numerous patents that are available for licensing.

Fields of Work

In the research topic "Silicon Material and Semiconductor Substrates" we focus on the following fields of work:

  • Epitaxial Silicon Wafers and Films
  • Reusable and Customized Templates for Crystalline Growth

R&D Infrastructure

This infrastructure is available to us at Fraunhofer ISE for our research and development activities:

  • Microelectronics CVD reactor for high-purity Si and Ge epitaxy for up to M6 substrates (PEpi)
  • Laboratory CVD reactors for Si epitaxy (RTCVD100 / RTCVD160)
  • Laboratory CVD reactor for SiC deposition (ZS-RTCVD)
  • Several wet chemistry laboratories for substrate preparation and defect etching
  • Electrochemical porosification systems for 4" to 300 mm round and 166x166 mm2
  • Tempering furnaces of various cleanliness classes (H2, Ar, N2 atmosphere)
  • Surface definition and lift-off equipment
  • Optical microscopes for surface inspection, automatic defect analysis and coating thickness determination

Current Publications on the Topic "Silicon Material and Semiconductor Substrates"

Jahr
Year
Titel/Autor:in
Title/Author
Publikationstyp
Publication Type
2026 Historical and future learning for the new era of multi-terawatt photovoltaics
Alberi, Kirstin; Marius Peters, Ian Marius; Verlinden, Pierre Jacques; Philipps, Simon; Koike, Akio; Barnes, Teresa M.; Berry, Joel J.; Bertoni, Mariana I.; Breyer, Christian; Burnham, Laurie M.; Case, Chris; Chen, Yifeng; De Wolf, Stefaan; Egan, Renate J.; Froitzheim, Armin; Gatz, Sebastian; Gloeckler, Markus; Goldschmidt, Jan Christoph; Gordon, Ivan; Haegel, Nancy M.; Hermle, Martin; Honsberg, Christiana Honsberg; Hsi, Edward; Huber, Bill; Ishizuka, Shogo; Jäger-Waldau, Arnulf; Jean, Joel; Jiang, Yajie; Jurca, Shannon; Kaizuka, Izumi; King, Richard R.; Komoto, Keiichi; Kondo, Michio; Kulkarni, Milind; Kurtz, Sarah R.; Macdonald, Daniel H.; Merfeld, Danielle; Kobayashi, Naoya; Niki, Shigeru; Obst, Andreas; Oozeki, Takashi; Paetzold, Ulrich Wilhelm; Pickering, Jonathan; Preu, Ralf; Reese, Samantha Bench; Reichel, Christian; Reindl, Thomas Guenter; Repins, Ingrid L.; Ronoh, Geoffrey; Rose, Doug; Sakurai, Keiichiro; Schlatmann, Rutger; Slaoui, Adelilah; Sinton, Ronald A.; Soni, Kamal K.; Stanbery, Billy J.; Sutija, Davor; Topic, Marko; Ueda, Yuzuru; Vasi, Juzer M.; Wambach, Karsten; Warren, Emily L.; Weber, Eicke R.; Yamaguchi, Masafum; Bett, Andreas W.
Review
2026 Actions for sustainably scalable multi-terawatt photovoltaics
Wagner, Lukas; Peters, Ian Marius; Anctil, Annick; Davies, Matthew; de Groot, Jiska; Wang, Li; Helmers, Henning; Pietzcker, Robert; Goldschmidt, Jan Christoph
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2025 TOPCon Solar Cells Made of n-Type and p-Type Epitaxially Grown Silicon Wafers
Richter, Armin; Drießen, Marion; Rittmann, Clara; Vescovi, Giuliano; Richter, Maxi; Schindler, Florian; Benick, Jan; Weiss, Charlotte; Janz, Stefan
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2025 The differential impact of light soaking and dark annealing on hydrogen species during a LeTID cycle in boron-doped FZ silicon: A quantitative FT-IR study
Aßmann, Nicole; Hammann, Benjamin; Frøland, Mariann Carlsen; Kwapil, Wolfram; Monakhov, Eduard
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2025 Towards a Template for Epitaxial Lift-Off Based on Porous n-Si with Reduced Doping Concentration: Increasing Homogeneity and Surface Quality by Photo-Assisted Etching
Lawundy, Stefanie; Schreiber, Waldemar; Janz, Stefan; Bett, Andreas W.
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2025 Manifestation of Light- and Elevated-Temperature-Induced Degradation in n-Type Silicon: Initial Lifetime Improvement Due to Temporary Recovery
Hammann, Benjamin; Kwapil, Wolfram; Horzel, Jörg; Schubert, Martin; Schindler, Florian
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2025 Hydrogen in Silicon Solar Cells: The Role of Diffusion
Schön, Jonas; Hamer, Phillip; Hammann, Benjamin; Zechner, Christoph; Kwapil, Wolfram; Schubert, Martin
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2025 High throughput Germanium Homoepitaxy using GeCl4 in an APCVD Batch Reactor
Supik, Ella Susann; Schreiber, Waldemar; Wagenfeldt, Andy; Cho, Jinyoun; Dessein, Kristof; Mamiyev, Zamin Q.; Tegenkamp, Christoph; Weiss, Charlotte; Bett, Andreas W.
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2025 Review on hydrogen in silicon solar cells: From its origin to its detrimental effects
Hammann, Benjamin; Schindler, Florian; Schön, Jonas; Kwapil, Wolfram; Schubert, Martin; Glunz, Stefan
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2025 Effective In-Situ TOPCon Gettering of Epitaxially Grown Silicon Wafers during Bottom Solar Cell Fabrication
Rittmann, Clara; Meßmer, Pascal; Schindler, Florian; Polzin, Jana-Isabelle; Richter, Armin; Weiss, Charlotte; Schubert, Martin; Janz, Stefan; Drießen, Marion
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2025 Overcoming Material Incompatibility via 2D Free-Surface Engineering
Bioud, Ataellah Youcef; Bouchilaoun, Meriem; Schreiber, Waldemar; Amrar, Redouane; Patriarche, Gilles; Ma, Tao; Ohlmann, Jens; Soltani, Ali; Lackner, David; Janz, Stefan
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2025 PhocoHila - Photonische Prozesse zum schnellen, präzisen und flexiblen Heizen von Halbleiterbauelementen
Meyer, Fabian; Münzer, Anna; Folcarelli, Lukas; Roder, Sebastian; Schubert, Martin
Bericht
Report
2025 Electrically Tunable Si-based THz Photomodulator Using Dielectric/Polymer Surface Gating
Romain, Xavier; Wilshaw, Peter R.; Stantchev, Rayko I.; Miao, Tina; Muo, Sen; Niewelt, Tim; McNab, Shona; Pain, Sophie L.; Grant, Nicholas E.; Bonilla, Ruy S.; Pickwell-MacPherson, Emma; Murphy, John D.
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2025 Light and Elevated Temperature Induced Degradation in Gallium-Doped Silicon: A Complete Parametric Description
Thome, Fabian; Kwapil, Wolfram; Schindler, Florian; Schubert, Martin; Garashli, Elvin
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2024 Addressing Edge Recombination Losses in Shingle Cells by Holistic Optimization of the Process Sequence
Göbel, Alexander; Lohmüller, Elmar; Wagenmann, Dirk; Kohn, Norbert; Hofmann, Marc; Huyeng, Jonas; Preu, Ralf
Konferenzbeitrag
Conference Paper
2024 GaAs0.75P0.25 Grown on Si towards Cost-Effective High-Efficiency Multi-Junction Silicon Photovoltaics
Grutke, Jonas; Schweigstill, Tadeo; Dimroth, Frank; Höhn, Oliver; Lackner, David; Bett, Andreas W.; Ohlmann, Jens
Vortrag
Presentation
2024 Doping dependence of boron-hydrogen dynamics in crystalline silicon
Vieira Rodrigues, Pedro; Hammann, Benjamin; Aßmann, Nicole; Schön, Jonas; Kwapil, Wolfram; Niewelt, Tim; Schindler, Florian; Monakhov, Eduard V.; Schubert, Martin
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2024 Why is Gallium-Doped Silicon (Sometimes) Stable? Kinetics of Light and Elevated Temperature Induced Degradation
Thome, Fabian; Yilmaz, Cem; Kwapil, Wolfram; Schindler, Florian; Schubert, Martin
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2024 Enabling Silver-Free Metallization of the Rear Side of iTOPCon Cells Through Laser Bonding of Thin Aluminum Foil
John, Oliver; Ourinson, Daniel; Emanuel, Gernot; Brand, Andreas; Nekarda, Jan; Preu, Ralf
Vortrag
Presentation
2024 Ausgediente Solarmodule als Rohstoffquelle
Obst, Andreas
Vortrag
Presentation
2024 Recombination Activity of Crystal Defects in Epitaxially Grown Silicon Wafers for Highly Efficient Solar Cells
Rittmann, Clara; Supik, Ella Susann; Drießen, Marion; Heinz, Friedemann D.; Botchak Mouafi, Yves Patrick; Schindler, Florian; Weiss, Charlotte; Schubert, Martin; Janz, Stefan
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2024 Reaction Mechanisms of High-Rate Copper Electrochemical Machining in Nitrate Electrolytes
Jakob, Leonie; Bartsch, Jonas; Krossing, Ingo
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2024 Prospects of PV-Recycling in Germany
Obst, Andreas; Henatsch, Peter; Zobel, Frank; Riepe, Stephan; Wagenmann, Dirk; Lohmüller, Elmar; Lohmüller, Sabrina; Richter, Susanne; Dold, Peter
Vortrag
Presentation
2024 Formation and annihilation of bulk recombination-active defects induced by muon irradiation of crystalline silicon
Yadav, Anup; Niewelt, Tim; Pain, Sophie L.; Grant, Nicholas E.; Lord, James S.; Yokojama, Koji; Murphy, John D.
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2024 Deciphering the Role of Hydrogen in the Degradation of Silicon Solar Cells under Light and elevated Temperature
Hammann, Benjamin; Aßmann, Nicole; Vieira Rodrigues, Pedro; Kwapil, Wolfram; Schindler, Florian; Schubert, Martin; Glunz, Stefan
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2024 Reducing Time and Costs of FT-IR Studies of the Effect of SiNx, Dopants, and Emitter on Hydrogen Species in Si Wafers and Solar Cell Structures
Aßmann, Nicole; Søndenå, Rune; Hammann, Benjamin; Kwapil, Wolfram; Monakhov, Eduard
Konferenzbeitrag
Conference Paper
2024 Transfer of Epitaxial Lift-Off Approach to n-type Silicon
Lawundy, Stefanie; Janz, Stefan; Schreiber, Waldemar
Vortrag
Presentation
2023 Silizium: Vom Material zum Wafer - Status und notwendige Entwicklungsschritte
Dold, Peter
Konferenzbeitrag
Conference Paper
2023 High Lifetime Ga-doped Cz-Si for Carrier-Selective Junction Solar Cells
Horzel, Jörg; Mack, Sebastian; Voicu Vulcanean, Ioan; Zimmermann, Karin; Pingel, Sebastian; Kwapil, Wolfram; Maischner, Felix; Höffler, Hannes; Bashardoust, Sattar; Wagenmann, Dirk; Greulich, Johannes; Seif, Johannes; Steinmetz, Anamaria; Rentsch, Jochen
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2023 AlP based III-V Nucleation on Silicon
Grutke, Jonas; Firoozabadi, Saleh; Bett, Andreas W.; Lackner, David; Volz, Kerstin; Dimroth, Frank; Ohlmann, Jens
Vortrag
Presentation
2023 A Grain Orientation-Independent Single-Step Saw Damage Gettering/Wet texturing Process for Efficient Silicon Solar Cells
Jung, Yujin; Min, Kwan Hong; Post, Regina; Kwapil, Wolfram; Schubert, Martin; Kim, Donghwan; Kang, Yoonmook; Lee, Hae-Sok
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2023 Epitaxially Grown p-type Silicon Wafers Ready for Cell Efficiencies Exceeding 25%
Rittmann, Clara; Schindler, Florian; Richter, Armin; Niewelt, Tim; Stolzenburg, Hannah; Steinhauser, Bernd; Dalke, Jonas; Drießen, Marion; Weiss, Charlotte; Janz, Stefan; Schubert, Martin
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2022 21.4% Efficient SMART mono-Si PERC Solar Cells with Adapted Firing Process for LeTID Mitigation
Maischner, Felix; Maus, Stephan; Greulich, Johannes; Lohmüller, Sabrina; Lohmüller, Elmar; Saint-Cast, Pierre; Ourinson, Daniel; Hergert, Karin; Riepe, Stephan; Glunz, Stefan; Rein, Stefan
Konferenzbeitrag
Conference Paper
2022 PERC-Cells from 100% Recycling-Silicon from End-of-Life PV-Modules
Dold, Peter; Obst, Andreas; Henatsch, Peter; Zobel, Frank; Riepe, Stephan; Wagenmann, Dirk; Lohmüller, Elmar; Lohmüller, Sabrina
Meeting Abstract
2022 Epitaxially grown p-type silicon wafers ready for cell efficiencies exceeding 25 %
Rittmann, Clara; Dalke, Jonas; Richter, Armin; Steinhauser, Bernd; Drießen, Marion; Weiss, Charlotte; Schindler, Florian; Schubert, Martin; Janz, Stefan; Niewelt, Tim; Stolzenburg, Hannah
Vortrag
Presentation
2022 High Lifetime Ga-Doped Cz-Si for Carrier Selective Junction Solar Cells
Horzel, Jörg; Mack, Sebastian; Voicu Vulcanean, Ioan; Zimmermann, Karin; Pingel, Sebastian; Kwapil, Wolfram; Maischner, Felix; Höffler, Hannes; Bashardoust, Sattar; Wagenmann, Dirk; Greulich, Johannes; Seif, Johannes; Steinmetz, Anamaria; Rentsch, Jochen
Konferenzbeitrag
Conference Paper
2022 Electronic Characteristics of Ultra-Thin Passivation Layers for Silicon Photovoltaics
Pain, Sophie L.; Khorani, Edris; Niewelt, Tim; Wratten, Ailish; Paez Fajardo, Galo J.; Winfield, Ben P.; Bonilla, Ruy S.; Walker, Marc; Piper, Louis F. J.; Grant, Nicholas E.; Murphy, John D.
Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Journal Article
2022 Growth of Highly Doped Silicon Cz-Monocrystals with Alternate Doping Substances
Zobel, Frank; Kunert, Roland; Dold, Peter
Vortrag
Presentation
Diese Liste ist ein Auszug aus der Publikationsplattform Fraunhofer-Publica

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