Concentrator Photovoltaic Modules

Concentrator photovoltaics (CPV) uses optical elements to concentrate sunlight onto highly efficient III-V multi-junction solar cells. These solar cells were originally developed for space applications and achieve the highest photovoltaic efficiencies.

Due to the high concentration of solar radiation, only a very small semiconductor area is required. This reduces material usage by several orders of magnitude and enables the cost-effective use of more complex multi-junction solar cells. At the same time, the lower material requirements lead to a reduced carbon footprint of the modules, making CPV an option with both economic and environmental benefits.

At Fraunhofer ISE, we develop CPV modules ranging from cell and optical design through the module itself to the complete system. Our demonstrators range from compact test modules to panel formats (approximately 60×45 cm²). Furthermore, we develop competitive solutions for the further scaling and production of modules.

A particular focus is the micro-CPV technology. By miniaturizing solar cells to sub-mm² sizes and integrating them into highly parallelized manufacturing processes, new approaches are emerging for cost-effective mass production while maintaining very high efficiency levelsCPV systems are particularly well-suited for locations with high levels of direct solar radiation. Applications include solar power plants, agri-photovoltaics, or in combination with green hydrogen production.

In addition to lens-based modules, we are also exploring concepts using mirror optics. These are used, for example, in central receivers where highly concentrated radiation is focused onto densely packed solar cells. In such systems, thermal energy can be generated in addition to electrical energy. This opens up new applications, such as combining power generation with process heat or seawater desalination.

By combining maximum efficiency, reduced resource consumption, and system integration, we are laying the foundation for a new generation of high-performance and sustainable photovoltaic systems.

Micro-CPV – Miniaturization and Scaling

• Sub-mm² III-V multi-junction solar cells and highly integrated back plates
• Parallel manufacturing using technologies from the microelectronics and display industries
• Self-aligning assembly processes for high precision
• Basis for cost-effective high-performance modules

High-efficiency CPV Module Concepts

• Lens-based systems with peak efficiencies
• Robust module architectures with high long-term stability
• Scalable designs from test modules to panel formats
• Optimization of optics, cell integration, and thermal management

System Integration and Applications

• Development of high-precision tracking systems
• Energy yield modeling under real-world conditions
• Deployment for regions with high direct normal irradiance
• Integration into agri-PV and power-to-X / hydrogen systems

Mirror-based CPV and Receiver Systems

• Concentration using mirror optics (e.g., dish or tower concepts)
• Densely packed receiver modules with active cooling
• Utilization of waste heat for process heat
• Combination with seawater desalination and hybrid energy systems